Why do we need a new theory? For a very long time now, physicists have been searching for a way to either combine the two established theories of the atom and the universe into one consistent theory or to come up with a new physics that explains . . . well, everything. The first option is unfortunately something of a non-starter because the two established theories, developed more than half a century ago, are based on different ideas about what holds things together. The Standard Model for the atom says that things are held together by hypothetical force-carrying particles or fields but it has no explanation for how galaxies are held together. General Relativity, on the other hand, tells us that gravity is holding stars and galaxies together in space, but has no explanation for what holds atoms together. The two theories will never be reconciled because they are based on different versions of physics. Currently, we have to use one version to look at the very big and then abandon that in favour of a completely different version to look at the very small. This makes no sense - physics is physics. It surely has to be consistent and obey the same rules everywhere, for everything, rather than be variable and selective as we have currently. The latest telescopes and observational tools are now generating huge additional issues which also challenge both current theories. As a result, perhaps we’ve now reached a point where we need to recognise that, when observations don’t fit a theory, then perhaps the theory is wrong. Or, in this case, both theories are wrong. Perhaps its time for some re-thinking? The New Theory The Quantum Aether Model does just that. It is a new physics based on the simple premise that there are only two fundamental particles and one force. Everywhere. Simply put, the whole of the universe is separated at the fundamental level into tiny particles of positive and negative charge which are attracted together by the single universal force of attraction between positive and negative. There are no other fundamental particles to worry about, such as the dozens involved in the current establishment theory, just these two. This simple premise gives us all we need to explain everything from neutrinos, photons and atoms to the formation and stability of stars and galaxies and everything in between. This universal aether of positive and negative quanta is net neutral and exists everywhere, both between stars and galaxies and within all the atoms that make up all the matter they are made from. The two speed-of-light particles, neutrinos and photons, are simply different orbital arrangements of these quanta. The higher their energy, the wider their orbits and, although net neutral, the more locally reactive they are in interactions with either charged or neutral bodies. This then provides explanations for both the electrostatic force and gravity as well as magnetism. Photons are orbital arrangements of two positive-negative-positive and negative-positive- negative quanta triplets. When energised sufficiently, their orbits become so large that they cannot be held by the fundamental force and they separate into the two separate particles. These particles are the electron and the positron and they interact to form atoms which combine to form matter. This means that there are only four elementary particles, the neutrino, the photon, the electron and the positron which comprise all matter in the universe. There’s no need for hypothetical particles like quarks or bosons and no need for hypothetical forces like the strong and the weak force and no need for inventions like dark matter and dark energy. Because everything in the universe is essentially made from just the two fundamental particles and the one fundamental force, everything becomes simplified and easily explainable. This new physics covers everything from the very small to the very big in one consistent account. It explains how things started, from the simple interaction of two fundamental particles and one force rather than from the highly complex, intrinsically mathematical and as yet unexplained spontaneous expansion of the ‘singularity’. It explains the structure of atoms, how they are formed in extreme environments in space and how they combine into stars and then galaxies. It explains the speed of light, gravity, electrostatic and magnetic attraction and repulsion, the structure of protons and electrons within an atom, the formation of stars, galactic jets, nebulae and the formation and evolution of galaxies. All in one consistent, non-mathematical, easily comprehensible theory that requires just two particles, one force and the basic laws of physics. The theory does not require hypothetical particles such as quarks, gluons, bosons, virtual particles or anti-particles to explain their interactions and requires just one force, the fundamental force of attraction and repulsion between positive and negative rather than the four forces required by the Standard Model. The model can be represented schematically as follows:

An overview The complete theory is published in The Two Particle Universe in paperback. However, the aim is not to sell books but rather to get the new narrative out into a world of consensus physics currently dominated by complex mathematical and hypothetical concepts that substantially fail to explain observed reality. The universe is not complex, hypothetical and mathematical, it is simple, real and easily understandable.

Fundamental positive and negative quanta naturally combine and produce the four elementary particles which together form all atoms, matter, stars and galaxies in the universe. As shown in the above schematic, positrons have a central positive interactive quantum and electrons a central negative interactive quantum.

Four Elementary Particles

Why do we need a new theory? For a very long time now, physicists have been searching for a way to either combine the two established theories of the atom and the universe into one consistent theory or to come up with a new physics that explains . . . well, everything. The first option is unfortunately something of a non-starter because the two established theories, developed more than half a century ago, are based on different ideas about what holds things together. The Standard Model for the atom says that things are held together by hypothetical force-carrying particles or fields but it has no explanation for how galaxies are held together. General Relativity, on the other hand, tells us that gravity is holding stars and galaxies together in space, but has no explanation for what holds atoms together. The two theories will never be reconciled because they are based on different versions of physics. Currently, we have to use one version to look at the very big and then abandon that in favour of a completely different version to look at the very small. This makes no sense - physics is physics. It surely has to be consistent and obey the same rules everywhere, for everything, rather than be variable and selective as we have currently. The latest telescopes and observational tools are now generating huge additional issues which also challenge both current theories. As a result, perhaps we’ve now reached a point where we need to recognise that, when observations don’t fit a theory, then perhaps the theory is wrong. Or, in this case, both theories are wrong. Perhaps its time for some re-thinking? The New Theory The Quantum Aether Model does just that. It is a new physics based on the simple premise that there are only two fundamental particles and one force. Everywhere. Simply put, the whole of the universe is separated at the fundamental level into tiny particles of positive and negative charge which are attracted together by the single universal force of attraction between positive and negative. There are no other fundamental particles to worry about, such as the dozens involved in the current establishment theory, just these two. This simple premise gives us all we need to explain everything from neutrinos, photons and atoms to the formation and stability of stars and galaxies and everything in between. This universal aether of positive and negative quanta is net neutral and exists everywhere, both between stars and galaxies and within all the atoms that make up all the matter they are made from. The two speed-of-light particles, neutrinos and photons, are simply different orbital arrangements of these quanta. The higher their energy, the wider their orbits and, although net neutral, the more locally reactive they are in interactions with either charged or neutral bodies. This then provides explanations for both the electrostatic force and gravity as well as magnetism. Photons are orbital arrangements of two positive-negative-positive and negative-positive-negative quanta triplets. When energised sufficiently, their orbits become so large that they cannot be held by the fundamental force and they separate into the two separate particles. These particles are the electron and the positron and they interact to form atoms which combine to form matter. This means that there are only four elementary particles, the neutrino, the photon, the electron and the positron which comprise all matter in the universe. There’s no need for hypothetical particles like quarks or bosons and no need for hypothetical forces like the strong and the weak force and no need for inventions like dark matter and dark energy. Because everything in the universe is essentially made from just the two fundamental particles and the one fundamental force, everything becomes simplified and easily explainable. This new physics covers everything from the very small to the very big in one consistent account. It explains how things started, from the simple interaction of two fundamental particles and one force rather than from the highly complex, intrinsically mathematical and as yet unexplained spontaneous expansion of the ‘singularity’. It explains the structure of atoms, how they are formed in extreme environments in space and how they combine into stars and then galaxies. It explains the speed of light, gravity, electrostatic and magnetic attraction and repulsion, the structure of protons and electrons within an atom, the formation of stars, galactic jets, nebulae and the formation and evolution of galaxies. All in one consistent, non-mathematical, easily comprehensible theory that requires just two particles, one force and the basic laws of physics. The theory does not require hypothetical particles such as quarks, gluons, bosons, virtual particles or anti-particles to explain their interactions and requires just one force, the fundamental force of attraction and repulsion between positive and negative rather than the four forces required by the Standard Model. The model can be represented schematically as follows:

An overview The complete theory is published in The Two Particle Universe in paperback. However, the aim is not to sell books but rather to get the new narrative out into a world of consensus physics currently dominated by complex mathematical and hypothetical concepts that substantially fail to explain observed reality. The universe is not complex, hypothetical and mathematical, it is simple, real and easily understandable.

Fundamental positive and negative quanta naturally combine and produce the four elementary particles which together form all atoms, matter, stars and galaxies in the universe. As shown in the above schematic, positrons have a central positive interactive quantum and electrons a central negative interactive quantum.

Four Elementary Particles